Spinoza and Hobbes on Religious and Political Freedoms - Literature Essay Samples

I. IntroductionDominant interpretations of the Leviathan seem to always point to fear as the affect that convinces Hobbesian subjects to enter the social contract in the first place and to steadfastly obey the sovereign. Hobbes often defines institutions within the landscape in terms of either fear or anxiety. Hobbes even defines religion as, â€Å"Fear of power invisible, feigned by the mind or imagined from tales publiquely allowed (42).† There has been a surge of scholarship in recent decades that moves away from this preoccupation with fear and obedience towards other conceptions of how Hobbes’s community operates. Some readings have proposed that Hobbes was in some ways a protoliberal, an advocate for toleration or a voice for bourgeoisie values. J. Judd Owen makes a case, in his 2005 article The Tolerant Leviathan, that Hobbes could be classified as a liberal philosopher as his doctrine of toleration is not too different from Locke’s tolerant worldvie w. Owen argues that although Hobbes does not grant unconditional rights to his subjects he does conceive of a type of government that has limited purposes (139). Owen’s reading of the text deemphasizes the ways in which Hobbes’s system is held together by violence or the threat of violence. Other non-traditional readings of the Leviathan, like Mary Dietz’s essay Hobbes’s Subject as Citizen, also deemphasize the authoritarian components in Hobbes’s theory. Dietz argues that Hobbes based his system on the cultivation of civic virtues. According to Dietz, individuals would honor the social contract not simply because they feared the sovereign but also because they would internalize values like generosity and justice which compelled them to look for the common good in society. Internalization of these values would ensure civic community and cohesion among Hobbesian subjects (95-96). The following essay will explore the concept of civic community bu t will not solely concentrate on Hobbes’s treatment of the concept. Instead, it will also draw upon Spinoza’s Theological-Political Treatise and examine the startling differences between the two texts. Hobbes and Spinoza are two theorists that are often aligned against each other not only because they were rationalists who shared the same time period but also because Spinoza was reputedly influenced by much of Hobbes’s writing. Spinoza referred to the Leviathan when he composed the Theological-Political Treatise (Elwes’s introduction xxxii). This paper will attempt to trace how Spinoza’s system offers a more complete and satisfactory conception of civic community. Civic community entails the definition that Dietz highlights in her text as being a society that is cohesive. However, civic community, as defined by political scientists like Robert Putnam, also had additional connotations. According to Putnam, civic community also involves civ ic engagement, political equality and associations that foster cooperation (87-89). Spinoza, rather than Hobbes, is a true advocate for civic community and cohesion as he grants greater space for religious expression and political freedoms such as freedom of speech. Hobbes’ political system is primarily concerned with limiting many forms of public expression and the possible civic community that usually results from such free expression. Spinoza and Hobbes both agreed that religion should not serve as a competing source of authority to a sovereign. They both also maintained that the sovereign should ban forms of speech that could possibly incite rebellion. However, Spinoza grants his subjects much greater freedoms to express themselves within his polity and this freedom helps foster civic community. Empirical examples from the 19th and 20th centuries help illustrate the positive benefits of Spinoza’s liberalism. Religious and political expression encourages commu nity by fostering charity among worshipers and by allowing space for subjects to question forms of authority. Historical examples such as the Roman Catholic Church’s advocacy in Poland demonstrate how infringing upon religious space can cause churchgoers to rebel and precipitate a community crisis. Religious pluralism in places like Poland and 19th century America can inspire social movements that advance egalitarian values and civic engagement. In order to gain a better understanding of their religious ideas one must not only examine their stances on religious freedoms but also examine Hobbes and Spinoza’s interpretations of Biblical material. Both offered some radical insights but Hobbes spent greater rhetorical energy in manipulating parts of the text to conform to his political vision. Historical examples, like the antebellum South, demonstrate that such a move can lead to subjugation rather than the construction of a more civic and egalitarian community. II. Secular State Spinoza and Hobbes make numerous appeals throughout their texts for the creation of a secular state in which the sovereign has sole power to interpret and enforce state laws. Neither philosopher alleges that the state can in some way eradicate religious impulses out of individuals. Hobbes maintains in his early chapter on religion (Chapter 12) that, â€Å"[it] can never be so abolished out of human nature, but that new religions may again be made to spring out of them, by the culture of such men, as for such purpose are in reputation (83).† Human beings will always be anxious of the future and thus in Hobbes view will always invent religions in order to assuage their anxiety. However, Hobbes is deeply troubled by how religious devotion can inspire men to commit injustices in the name of God and attempt to challenge power under religious decree. Hobbes explicitly states that a covenant with God should never be recognized and that the sovereign should be, â€Å"Judge of what opinions and Doctrines are averse, and what conducing to peace (122).† Similarly, Spinoza also declares that the church must come under the rule of the sovereign power. Spinoza states, â€Å"We see how necessary it is, both in the interests of the state and in the interests of religion to confer on the sovereign power the right of deciding what is lawful or the reverse (242).† He makes explicit his desire for the sovereign to have control over the religious sphere when he states, â€Å"we shall easily understand how the sovereign rulers are the proper interpreters of religion and piety (249).† III. Religious Spaces and Conscience While both philosophers argue for secular rule, Hobbes goes much further in attempting to deny private space for worship and the accessing of one’s conscience. Hobbes delineates between public and private worship, stating that: â€Å"publique, [worship] in respect of the whole Common-wealth is Free, but in respect of Particular men it is not so. Private, is in secret Free, but in the sight of the multitude, it is never without some Restraint, either from the Lawes, or from the opinion of men; which is contrary to the nature of liberty (249).† Hobbes conceives of public and private worship mainly as instruments of obedience. He frames this passage within a discussion of the ways in which prayers, thanks and obedience are worthy signs of honor. When Hobbes refers to ‘public worship as free’ he is imitating that public worship should be permissible if it intended to somehow honor the good deeds of others within the commonwealth. Hobbes pictures public worship as the, â€Å"winning of favour by good offices; as by praises, by acknowledging their Power, and by whatsoever is pleasing to them from whom we look for any benefit (248).† This concept of worship is limited. People often turn to worship to question the direction of their lives and to question authority. In the above quoted passage Hobbes seems to be condemning the practice of private worship as he intimates that something outside the public gaze lacks restraint and could be seditious. Karen Feldman, in her paper Conscience and the Concealments of Metaphor in Hobbess Leviathan, presents a compelling argument of how Hobbes is expresses apprehension towards concepts such as privacy and conscience throughout his work. Her work does provide a helpful framework for understanding how Hobbes viewed private worship. She argues that Hobbes considers privacy to be dangerous concept because in this space individuals are able to access their conscience and form opinions that contradict those of the sovereign. Feldman states, â€Å"The divergences and conflicts produced by private judgment and opinion are thus threatening to the stability of the commonwealth, for they break with what Hobbes describes as the public character of knowledge, reason, and law (22).† Hobb es most forcefully describes his reservations towards private space and conscience in this passage: Another doctrine repugnant to Civill Society, is, that whatsoever a man does against his conscience, is sin; and it dependeth on the presumption of making himself judge of good and evil. For a mans conscience, and his judgment is the same thing, and as the judgment, so also the conscience may be erroneous. Therefore, though he that is subject to no civil law, sinneth in all he does against his conscience, because he has no other rule to follow but his own reason; yet it is not so with him that lives in a commonwealth; because the law is the public conscience, by which he hath already undertaken to be guided. Otherwise in such diversity, as there is of private consciences, which are but private opinions, the commonwealth must needs be distracted, and no man dare to obey the sovereign power, further than it shall seem good in his own eyes (223). Public ‘conscience’ is val orized while private conscience can be both erroneous and is also a hindrance to the commonwealth. According to Hobbes, men guided by their private conscience will act in conflicting ways and nurture seditious thoughts. While Hobbes does not directly state that private spaces primarily inspire this type of thinking, Feldman argues that Hobbes’ use of the proposition â€Å"in† when discussing conscience implies interiority and private space (23-24). At one point Hobbes asserts, â€Å"But this pretence of Covenant with God, is so evident a lye, even in the pretenders own consciences, that it is not onely an act of an unjust but also of a vile and unmanly disposition (122).† Later when describing the duties of the sovereign, Hobbes writes, â€Å"as much as in his own conscience he shall judge necessary (231).† At the end of the text, Hobbes once again invokes this construction when stating, â€Å"when there is scarce a Common-wealth in the world, who se beginnings can in conscience be justified (486). It is possible that Hobbes used the proposition â€Å"in† in these occurrences to signify how Hobbes intended to frame conscience as something that operates in private space. If we grant the possibility that ‘in’ signifies private space the first quoted passage in which Hobbes refers to unmanly disposition could also be viewed as an injunction against private worship. Because private worship involves quiet, serious contemplation it is a setting where most individuals will access their conscience. This correlation implies that Hobbes was deeply troubled by the practice of private worship and would not encourage it within his polity. Hobbes makes a more explicit condemnation of public faith when he recommends that public worship be thoroughly uniform. In his chapter The Kingdome of God by Nature, Hobbes declares:But seeing a Common-wealth is but one Person, it ought also to exhibite to God one worship†¦A nd this Publique Worship; the property whereof, is to be Uniforme: For those actions that are done differently, by different men, cannot be said to be a Publique Worship (252-253). Because the sovereign controls all public doctrines public worship for Hobbes would only serve the needs of the state, not the needs of an individuals seeking answers or salvation. In his effort to enforce a uniform doctrine the sovereign would not grant the religious institutions any autonomy to develop their own programs. Hobbes also expresses suspicion towards members of clergy throughout the text and thus would not likely provide churches much freedom to operate. Spinoza—Public and Private Religious Space Near the end of the treatise Spinoza lays out the boundaries between public and private worship and limits the power the sovereign wields in the private sphere. Spinoza states:Moreover, the rites of religion and the outward observances of piety should be in accordance with the public pea ce and well-being, and should be determined by the sovereign power alone. I speak here only of the outward observances of piety and the external rites of religion, not of piety itself, nor of the inward worship of God (245). Spinoza maintains that the intrusion of public authorities into private sphere of religious worship could alienate the citizenry and possibly damage the sovereign’s authority in the process. At the outset of his work Spinoza boldly states that, â€Å"In demonstrating that not only can such freedom be granted without prejudice to the public peace, but also, that without such freedom, piety cannot flourish nor the public peace be secure (6).† Unlike Hobbes, Spinoza makes no recommendation for a uniform religious doctrine or for complete control over religious institutions. In the preface to the TPT, Spinoza recognizes the conflict that can arise when ambitious men gain control of the pulpit but he does not view complete incursion into public religious spaces as the optimal solution for this conflict. How Religious Spaces Help Construct Civic Community There are numerous historical examples that support Spinoza’s assertion that public peace is best secured when the government allows for some type of religious expression. The Roman Catholic Church’s resistance to Communist rule is one of the most noteworthy examples of how excessive intrusion into religious sphere can foment political crisis. By the 1950’s, Communist leaders began to take aggressive actions against Polish church authorities. Religious leaders were imprisoned and Soviet elites openly discriminated against lay members. Soviet-modeled campaigns also emphasized the elimination of religion (Borowski 390). Intellectuals within the party promoted an idea of ‘instant secularization’. Supposedly, Polish society would undergo an instant process of secularization due to anti-religious efforts and urbanization (Borowski 395). The Catholic Church was deeply rooted within Polish culture. According to political scientist Karen Borowski the church was not only a vehicle for salvation but also concerned with, â€Å"all matters related to individual and societal welfare of the country, e.g. concerns about the economy, agricultural reform, education, environmental protection, work and re-compensation, value of human life, peace and justice (390).† Soviet intrusion into public and private religious spaces spurred a major uprising against Communist rule. By the 1970s, the Roman Catholic Church assumed a critical role in resisting Communist oppression. The Solidarity Movement, a prominent organizing union with alliances to church officials began winning concessions from Soviet officials in this period. In 1981, the communist government responded by instating martial law and brutally suppressing organizers. After brutal suppression the church remained the only organized voice in the country. Eventu ally, the church and union activists toppled the Communist regime and helped usher in a period of radical liberalization and privatization in the early 1990s (391). The Polish example is a valid demonstration for how Spinoza’s political system is more conducive for establishing order and encouraging forms of civic community. Poland currently enjoys greater stability, civic engagement and political equality than it enjoyed during the Communist years. Granting religious space to religious organizations has not led to any type of religious domination or caused a deterioration of civic community. Now Poland enjoys consumer society, higher education levels and democratic rights like voting. Martin Myant and Terry Cox’s 2004 surveys of Polish citizens indicate that majority of Poles do not want the church to influence elections or take a position on legislation (135). Poles also overwhelming supported Poland’s membership into the EU despite the fact that it is no t a Catholic federation. If one measures civic community by voter turnout, Poland’s civic community should be deemed quite healthy. Presidential election turnout in 1990 was at 61 percent; in 1995 it ran at 65% and dropped a little in 2000 to 60% (Myant and Cox 131). Hobbes’s political system would have difficulty reconciling a case like Poland’s in which religious space did not lead to a major decline in civic order in the long run. IV. Religious Spaces and CharitySpinoza also grants this private sphere for religious worship and the access of individual conscience because he felt that such space would inherently encourage both obedience and charity among subjects. He states, â€Å"Faith consists in knowledge of God, without which obedience to Him would be impossible (185).† Spinoza does not require men to master the Bible in order to gain knowledge of God but he does recommend that men devote part of their time to religious study in order to cultivate a greater understanding of faith. He writes, â€Å"intellectual or accurate knowledge of God is not a gift, bestowed upon all good men like obedience (177).† It is something that can be understood even by those with â€Å"the slowest intelligence† if the individual place effort into studying it (175). Men who possess genuine faith will hold love in their heart for their neighbors and charitably act for the benefit of others (186). Charity is the central tenet in Spinoza’s doctrine. Spinoza assesses, â€Å"that we can only judge a man faithful or unfaithful by his works†¦faith without works is dead (185).† These passages imply that Spinoza is drawing a correlation between religiosity and charity. For Spinoza, religious sentiment compels selfless giving. Essentially, Spinoza describes the private sphere of religious devotion in strikingly different terms than Hobbes because he views it not as an arena where seditious thinking is poss ible but instead as a practice that instills obedience and charity among worshipers. Unlike Spinoza, Hobbes was not a major advocate for charity motivated by religious devotion. He maintained that, â€Å"obedience to his Lawes [sovereign] is the greatest worship of all. For as Obedience is more acceptable to God than Sacrifice; so also to set light by his Commandement, is the greatest of all contumelies. And these are the laws of that Divine Worship, which naturall Reason dictateth to private men (252).† It seems significant that this passage Spinoza highlights private men rather than religious institutions committed to charity. He is prone to cast suspicion on clerical officials claiming to hold answers and thus would also likely doubt the sincerity of institutions providing charity. Historical Examples of Religious Worship and Charity Empirical research demonstrates that Spinoza’s correlation between religious worship and charity has some validity and can be s aid to be an ingredient towards the construction of a civic community. Charitable giving, according to political scientists such as Robert Putnam, is a legitimate measure of civic community (88). American sociologist Arthur Brooks, in his article Religious Faith and Charitable Giving, argues that religious faith correlates to charitable giving. Brooks draws upon the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey (SCCBS), undertaken in 2000 by researchers at universities throughout the United States and the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. Brooks defines ‘religious’ people as respondents that report attending religious services every week or more often. This is 33 percent of the sample. In contrast, those who are ‘secular’ report attending religious services less than a few times per year or emphatically state that they have no religion. Brooks used regression analysis in order to control for variables like gender and political affiliation. Brooks f ound that religious citizens who make $49,000 contributed about 3.5 times as much money as secular citizens with the same income to charitable causes. He found that they also volunteered twice as often and were 57 percent more likely to help homeless persons. Furthermore, these individuals were two-thirds more likely to give blood at their workplace (2). Brooks also finds that religious charitable giving is usually not self-serving but instead contributes to the larger community. In other words, religious philanthropists gave to both religious and nonreligious causes in greater quantity than secular philanthropists. Sixty-eight percent of the total population gives (and 51 percent volunteers) to nonreligious causes each year. Of this total, religious people were 10 points more likely to give to nonreligious institutions than secularists (71 percent to 61 percent) and 21 points more likely to volunteer (60 percent to 39 percent). Neighborhood and civic groups, elderly support and youth programs were the non-secular causes that Brooks identifies. He finds that religious people had a 7 point higher likelihood for volunteering for neighborhood and civic groups, 20 point higher likelihood for volunteering to help the poor or elderly, and a 26 point higher likelihood for volunteering for school or youth programs (3). Brooks also discounts the notion that secular individuals were more likely to offset charity by giving informally to family and friends. Using 1999 data from the Bureau of Labor Standards, Brooks finds that informal and formal charity are not substitutes for each other (3) Overall, Brook’s research does provide compelling evidence that religion stimulates charity in general. V. Interpretations of the Bible Spinoza’s Interpretation of the Bible Spinoza’s primary project in much of TPT is advocating for a plural understanding of religious faith rather than presenting a hierarchy of which religious doctrine constitutes truth . Unlike Hobbes, he does not alter Biblical scriptures in order to promote a self-serving political agenda. Spinoza scholar Steven Frankel argues that his aim in the Theological Political Treatise is to, â€Å"further undermine biblical support for theocracy and establish a religion more friendly to tolerance and freedom (301).† Spinoza does this by denying the Jewish notion of divine election and by humanizing major prophets. Spinoza dismisses the idea of Jews as a chosen people when he writes, â€Å"Jews of that time were not more beloved by God than other nations†¦God was, as we have said already, and are now demonstrating, equally gracious to all (49).† Spinoza also debases the concept of hierarchy by arguing that prophets, although wise men, were not the divine incarnations that many suppose. He states that prophets did not possess superhuman minds (18) and that, â€Å"the power of prophecy implies not a peculiarly perfect mind, but a peculiarly vivid imagination (19).† Frankel alleges that Spinoza attributed human flaws to the prophets in order to point to inconsistencies in religious doctrines and support ideas of pluralism and universality in religious faith (302). Spinoza preferred that a believer had simple faith in God rather than rigidly cling to a particular dogma. Spinoza also expresses disapproval for those who attempt to shift scripture in order to serve political purposes. After laying out how the principles of reason can aid one in understanding scripture Spinoza declares, â€Å"Lastly such a theory supposes that we may explain the words of Scripture according to our preconceived opinions, twisting them about, and reversing or completely changing the literal sense, however plain it may be. Such license is utterly opposed to the teaching of this and the preceding chapters, and moreover, will be evident to everyone as rash and excessive (117).† Hobbes’s Interpretation of the BibleHobbes doe s not promote the type of pluralist thinking that Spinoza embodies and instead aggressively manipulates Biblical scriptures in order promote his political agenda. Unlike Spinoza, Hobbes does not ascribe any value to religious pluralism and instead intimates that divergent views inspire violence: Whence comes it, that in Christendome there has been, almost from the time of the Apostles, such jostling of one another out of their places, both by forraign, and Civil War? such stumbling at every little asperity of their own fortune and every little eminence of that of other men? And such diversity of ways in running to the same mark†¦we are therefore yet in the Dark (418). Because pluralism is dangerous Hobbes offers a set of civil laws that resemble scripture in order to replace it. Much of the argument in the Leviathan is concerned with buttressing the belief that God is aligned with the sovereign power and that the civil laws comply with God’s edicts. In his ef fort to support this thesis, Hobbes radically alters parts of the Bible to conform to his political theory. For example Hobbes argues that the authority of the Mosaic Law over the Israelites was established by their consent. He even alleges that their consent established Moses, not God, as their sovereign (Owen 5).Hobbes seemingly makes such radical revisions but yet clings to Biblical structure and ideology in order to give his natural rights doctrine moral force and appeal. Paul Cooke, in his book Hobbes and Christianity, argues that the, â€Å"natural rights teaching needs the covering of religion because the civil association based on self-preservation cannot always easily find the moral authority to secure the devotion required (227).† In a sense Hobbes religious project, in the last two parts of the book, helps beautify his natural rights doctrine and help tie it to some idea of transcendence (Cooke 227). Hobbes does not view the subject’s prior beliefs as a major obstacle for his indoctrination. He states famously, â€Å"Common-peoples minds, unlesse they be tainted with dependence on the Potent, or scribbled over with the opinions of their Doctors, are like clean paper, fit to receive whatsoever by Public Authority shall be imprinted in them (233).† Value of Pluralism in Historical Context:Transposing Hobbes and Spinoza’s thinking on religious pluralism and the manipulation of the Bible into a modern historical context reveals how Hobbes’s thinking can lead to forms of violence and repression. America’s history of slavery provides one textbook example of how perverting religious doctrine can enforce subjugation. Slaveholding as an institution was able to sustain itself for so long partially because Southern profiteers successfully manipulated Biblical interpretations to justify their business. Pro-slavery preachers argued that slavery was justified because African slaves were the descendants of Ham. Ham’s son, in Genesis 9, was sentenced to servitude for Ham’s sin. Other pro-slavery forces pointed to diverse examples in the Bible of slavery to demonstrate that slavery was not morally wrong (Carter 92). Slaveholders also forced conversions of blacks in order to blunt their likelihood of rebelling against the institution. Slaves were less likely to express dissatisfaction with their current life when promised a blissful afterlife (Carter 94). Southern legislators began propagating laws by the 1650s that deemed that blacks were not eligible for manumission even if though they were recognized as Christians. The slavery edifice was essentially supported by Southern whites’ selective interpretation of Biblical texts. Obviously, pro-slavery forces glossed over New Testament doctrines that preached ‘loving thy neighbor as yourself’ and the condemnation of slave traders (Timothy 1:9-11). This is a striking example of how manipulation of the Bibl e for a political agenda can have disastrous consequences. While manipulation of the Bible allowed slavery to continue, religious pluralism in American society was a critical component to ending the institution. Much of the energy behind the abolition movement came from white churchgoers from Methodist and Quaker backgrounds (Carter 94). They debated, wrote pamphlets and raised awareness about the inhuman condition of slavery. Obviously, the American tradition of tolerating religious expression and pluralism was integral to the ultimate elimination of slavery. The battle of course ultimately led to violent civil war and numerous deaths but the end result was a more cohesive and egalitarian community. By debasing hierarchy and advocating for religious freedom Spinoza’s political system, unlike Hobbes’s, fosters more civic and egalitarian communities like American society after abolition. Religious Diversity and Violence Even in the face of examples such as t he abolition of slavery, some political observers may still side with Hobbes and argue that religious pluralism encourages political violence. Conservative observers are especially prone to point to Islamic culture as one that is prone to violence against other religious sects. In recent decades, conservatives within Europe and the US have consistently sought ways to curb Islamic practices and thus limit the concept of religious pluralism. However, recent political science research persuasively counters the claim that Islamic culture is inherently violent and that limiting religious expression is the only path to peace. Ashutosh Varshney’s work in India provides evidence that ethnic violence correlates with the type of associational bonds developed within a community rather than the type of religious culture citizens’ practice. Varshney argues that ethnic conflict is inevitable in most plural societies but that ethnic violence in places like India tend to occur only in particular regions where civic community is nonexistent or strained. Varshney specifically studied Hindu-Muslim violence and looked at riot patterns in forty cities in India from 1950 to 1995. Major violence was confined to eight of these cities. Varshney compared these cities with high riot patterns with similar cities that rarely experienced riots (371). Varshney finds that religious violence was unlikely if members of the Hindu and Muslim community shared ‘associational and everyday forms of engagement (363).’ Business associations, professional organizations and trade unions are examples of associational forms of engagement, while everyday forms of engagement include participation in festivals, eating together, etc. Both forms of engagement tended to defuse religious tensions between Muslims and Hindus (363). Cities that displayed this type of vibrant community like Calicut and Surat were much less likely to engage in violent rioting than cities wher e inter-ethnic and inter-religious association were rare. In cities were associational bonds were prevalent citizens would form peace communities that helped dispel rumors before rioting became extreme (382). VI. Political Rights: Freedom of speech Hobbes’s stance towards political expression does not differ markedly from his stance on religious expression. Hobbes argues that the sovereign is the ultimate judge concerning, â€Å"what opinions and doctrines are averse† and has the right to abridge any type of free speech he sees as seditious (124). In Hobbes’s conception the purpose of the state is to ensure peace and security and thus Hobbes’s views the alienation of political liberties as being a necessary prerequisite towards securing peace. In his assessment of Hobbes’s political system Owen writes, â€Å"No line can be drawn circumscribing liberties that circumstances may not require to be crossed (137).† In other words, the sovereign cannot grant freedoms like free speech because circumstances always arise in which the sovereign will need to infringe on liberties in order to institute order. Hobbes’s also recognizes how ambitious men will use speech in order to inspire converts to their cause, thus threatening political order in the process. Hobbes draws from the historical example of Julius Caesar to make his case: Also the Popularity of a potent Subject (unlesse the Commonwealth have very good caution of his fidelity) is a dangerous disease; because the people†¦are drawn away from their obedience to the Lawes, to follow a man, of whose vertues and designes they have no knowledge†¦By this means it was, that Julius Caesar, who as set up by the People against the senate, having won to himself the affections of his Army (229). The phrase ‘won to himself the affections of his Army’ implies that Caesar used his rhetorical skills in order to win supporters. Because Hob bes views common men like ‘clean paper’ he suspects that they are easily susceptible to manipulation by men with rhetorical talents. Freedom of SpeechSpinoza In contrast Spinoza offers a spirited defense of freedom of speech in the last chapter of TPT. Spinoza maintains that, Not even the most experienced, to say nothing of the multitude, know how to keep silence. Men’s common failing is to confide their plans to others, though there be need for secrecy, so that a government would be most harsh which deprived the individual of his freedom of saying and teaching what he thought (258). This need to express oneself is so natural that the government’s attempts to abridge this speech are not only an impossible task but also one that could, â€Å"stir up seditions and perpetuate any crime (262).† Spinoza, like Hobbes, does recognize instances where the sovereign must circumscribe speech in order to preserve order but he does not advocate the level o f censorship and control that Hobbes demands. Spinoza makes no demand that the sovereign inspects all doctrines or monitor public speeches. Spinoza extends his commitment to freedom of speech even into the court sphere, suggesting that speech should occasionally be permitted as a check to civil authority. In the last chapter he writes, For instance, supposing a man shows that a law is repugnant to sound reason, and should therefore be repealed; if he submits his opinion to the judgment of the authorities (who, alone, have the right of making and repealing laws), and meanwhile acts in nowise contrary to that law, he has deserved well of the state, and has behaved as a good citizen should (259). This passage implies that subjects in Spinoza’s system have a limited right to challenge perceived injustices. The passage does not state directly that subjects have the right to challenge the misbehavior of an authority figure but Spinoza does seem to permit this possibilit y in a later section. Spinoza acknowledges that, â€Å"However, I do not deny that there are some doctrines which, while they are apparently only concerned with abstract truths and falsehoods, are yet propounded and published with unworthy motives (261).† Spinoza’s redress for men with unworthy motives is to advocate that, â€Å"the voice of the majority has the force of law, subject to repeal if circumstances bring about a change of opinion (263).† The passage implies that the common people do have a right to challenge authority if there is substantial consensus to do so. For Spinoza, the rights of the sovereign and his subjects are primarily guided by reason and thus it is not hard to imagine circumstances where public authorities should be challenged. Through freedom of speech Spinoza seems to be allowing members in his polity the ability to challenge certain edicts by authorities. Freedom of Speech: Civic Community While Spinoza’s definitio n of freedom of speech is not nearly as clear or perhaps as expansive as what is contained in a doctrine like the First Amendment, one can argue that the spirit of Spinoza’s definition conforms to modern manifestations like America’s framework. Like the American system, Spinoza’s treatise does guarantee a certain level of expression without fear of criminal prosecution. The Civil Rights Movement is a compelling illustration of how freedom of speech rights can help foster a civic community. The Civil Rights Movement could not have won major victories during the 1950s and 1960s period without the aid of federal government intervention. Government officials often intervened in First Amendment disputes. Using the First Amendment framework, the government often afforded protection to civil rights organizations that challenged racial discrimination.The NAACP was often the focus of legal attacks by white Southern authorities who were eager to derail the organizati on’s activism. In the mid 1950s southern state delegations introduced legislative bills demanding that the NAACP publish its membership list. Southern delegates like Virginia’s Harrison Mann argued that NAACP activism was primarily the result of, â€Å"outside agitators who were stirring up trouble,† among a generally happy populace (Finan 209). Between 1957 and 1963, six cases came before the Supreme Court asking for membership rolls to be published. The Supreme Court threw out all the cases because they viewed such publications as a violation of the NAACP’s free speech protections. This protection helped the NAACP continue operating with considerably less intimidation, thus paving the way for civil rights victories in the 1960s (209). Civil rights organizations also used their rights to successfully attack white officials in media advertisements. Organizations like the NAACP took out large ads in papers like the New York Times that alerted re aders to the violent and repressive tactics of Southern officials. After receiving scrutiny due to the ads, some officials like Montgomery city commissioner L.B. Sullivan attempted to sue organizations and media sources for libel. These attempts were largely unsuccessful. The New York Times v. Sullivan case eventually reached the Supreme Court in 1964 (Finan 210-211). The court ruled that the New York Times had not committed libel in its criticism of Sullivan. In his book From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America, Christopher Finan argues that the New York Times victory inspired other news organizations to more freely report on the violent and repressive tactics of Southern public employees. Before this decision, many publications were reluctant to report on various abuses because they feared they would be held accountable for libel (215). Wider news reporting drew supporters to the civil rights cause and placed greater pr essure on federal officials to grant concessions. Freedom of speech was a critical ingredient in African Americans’ struggles to gain citizenship protections and be recognized as equals. It was an ingredient that helped foster a more civic and egalitarian community. VII. Conclusion Empirical examples from modern history suggest that Spinoza’s defense of religious and political freedoms will promote a more civic and egalitarian society than Hobbes’s more authoritarian vision. Both thinkers represented a major break from past intellectual traditions and advanced notions that were influential during the Enlightenment period. However, Hobbes’s ideas seem to have less value for developing countries that are currently seeking ways to promote community and stability within their borders. Hobbes’s manipulation of the Bible and his constriction of religious and political space can lead to dangerous tyrannies rather than the civic order he champion s. Future comparisons of Hobbes against Spinoza would be valuable, as scholars could explore concepts such as conatus and how such concepts relate to Hobbes and Spinoza’s constructions of religious practice. Scholars could examine other texts by both figures in order to broaden our understanding of how religious and political freedoms operate in Hobbes and Spinoza’s universe. Some political theory scholars maintain that the political ideas Spinoza espoused do not receive sufficient attention. In the preface of his book Spinoza, Liberalism, and the Question of Jewish Identity, Spinoza scholar Steven B. Smith writes, â€Å"Only rarely is Spinoza regarded, as he will be here, as someone who thought long and deeply about the fundamental problems of political life (xii).† Spinoza’s ideas regarding religious and political freedoms do warrant greater attention and provide critical insights for modern leaders. Works Cited: Borowski, Karen. â€Å"The Sociol ogy of Religion in Modern Poland: A Critical Review.† Sociological Analysis. Vol. 46, No. 4 (Winter, 1985), pp. 389-399Brooks, Arthur. â€Å"Religious Faith and Charitable Giving.† Policy Review, No. 121, October 2003. http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/6577Carter, Stephen L. God’s Name in Vein. New York: Basic Books, 2000Cooke, Paul. Hobbes and Christianity. London: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996Dietz, Mary. â€Å"Hobbes’s Subject as Citizen.† Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1990 Feldman, Karen. â€Å"Conscience and the Concealments of Metaphor in Hobbess Leviathan. Philosophy Rhetoric, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2001), pp. 21-37 Finan, Christopher. From the Palmer Raids to the Patriot Act: A History of the Fight for Free Speech in America, Boston: Beacon Press, 2007Frankel, Steven. The Invention of Liberal Theology: Spinozas Theological-Political Analysis of Moses and Jes us. The Review of Politics, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Spring, 2001), pp. 287-315. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996Myant, Martin and Terry Cox. Reinventing Poland: Economic and Political Transformation and Evolving National Identity. New York: Routledge, 2008Owen, J. Judd. â€Å"On Hobbes’s Hope Regarding Religion,† Bradley Lecture. Boston College, February 16, 2007, 1-21.Putnam, Robert. Making Democracy Work. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992Smith, Steven B. Spinoza, Liberalism, and the Question of Jewish Identity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.Spinoza, Baruch. Theological-Political Treatise. Trans. RHM Elwes. New York: Dover Publications, 1951Varshney, Ashutosh. â€Å"Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond.† World Politics, Vol. 53, April 2001, 362-398

Sample Essays About Passing Exams

<h1>Sample Essays About Passing Exams</h1><p>Writing an example article about breezing through tests ought to be a simple errand, however for the author it might appear to be unthinkable. There are such a large number of parameters to compose something about, that you don't have the foggiest idea yet. So as to compose a decent example, you have to recognize what you need to state, and to do this you have to start by composing a diagram. You can start composing your framework by considering the prospectus prerequisites, just as your very own encounters with tests.</p><p></p><p>After you have recognized your very own encounters with the tests, you have to concoct an investigation control or a timetable of occasions, that you can use to design and arrange your arrangements for the tests. Your arrangement ought to incorporate what's in store when you begin stepping through the examinations, what techniques you should use for each area, and how yo u should read for the test. You ought to likewise attempt to make your arrangement dependent on your own understanding, since a particular example may not work for others.</p><p></p><p>Once you have the framework and an arrangement set up, you can begin taking a shot at building up your paper. While you are setting up your layout, you should build up your investigation materials. You can utilize things like exercise plans, storybooks, word references, audit guides, or whatever other materials that you think might be helpful to your understudies. Since you won't get all the materials you need on the tests, you have to choose how much material you can bear to give every day to your understudies. On the off chance that you will utilize course books, you might need to pick books that are generally well known and broadly utilized in the subject.</p><p></p><p>The following stage is to compose your articles test papers. In spite of the fact t hat you don't need to compose the articles to be great, you need them to be founded on a subject that you know a ton about. You might need to make a diagram for the test and expound on the material contained in your framework. Be that as it may, you should attempt to be unique in your paper. When you compose the presentation, the body, and the end, you have to get criticism from your students.</p><p></p><p>These composing activities to assist you with recognizing regions that need improvement, and in the event that you compose your papers with a similar material as you did when you were reading for the tests, you can utilize them to improve your last grades. You can utilize the example expositions to improve your comprehension of the subject, with the goal that you can compose increasingly unique papers all alone. You can even utilize the example papers to show your understudies how to build up their own framework and study materials.</p><p></p ><p>After you wrap up the article, you have to peruse it and afterward use it to survey the material that you have just contemplated and some other investigation materials that you have to fuse into your prospectus. At long last, you ought to rehash the exposition a few times and use it to recognize issues in the syllabus.</p><p></p><p>After you distinguish your own composing issue, you can typically address it for your understudies by informing them concerning it and giving them choices. They may not generally concur with your answers, yet it is significant that they know about the issue, so they can recognize an answer for it.</p><p></p><p>When you are planning to compose test expositions about breezing through tests, you have to understand that you have to keep in touch with them as though you were a specialist regarding the matter. By making a blueprint and sorting out your investigation materials, you can build up your ow n range of abilities as a paper writer.</p>

Finding the Best Report Writing

<h1> Finding the Best Report Writing </h1> <h2> The Dirty Truth About Report Writing</h2> <p>Every geologist should realize that the water table doesn't hill into a pinnacle. There are a couple if significant systems and rules you may place into account in the arrangement of your composition for you to have an outstanding preparing report. </p> <p>In both the school arrangement and the web participation, you will need to satisfy some expressed necessities. The school charges change starting with one school then onto the next. Other than the work environment, you are probably going to require composing aptitudes as a bit of an arrangement of study, regardless of whether at school or college. You have to do some exploration first to have the option to pick a school of your pick. </p> <h2>The Supreme Approach to Report Writing </h2> <p>When you make a preparation document, incorporate fundamental arranging segments so the information is promptly retained. Make certain the board will be set to run on server. Just once you comply with the best possible composing group, your report will have an expert, great appearance and become affirmed. </p> <h2>Here's What I Know About Report Writing </h2> <p>The obligation of reviewing a security occurrence report is commonly crafted by t he administration Head of Safety'' division, however in a progressively reduced organization any individual from the executives might be doled out the undertaking. Pay The primary piece of an occupation is its pay. It is a kind of report made to make an ordinary examination with respect to preparing advancement and development. A conference report might be utilized by the overseeing of the business to introduce the specifics of a gathering to various partners of the association. </p> <p>In the occasion the essayist esteems it essential, they can have a list of sources and a rundown of informative supplements. As indicated by the standards and rules, the entirety of the examination papers must be submitted with a specific goal in mind. You may, for instance, need to form papers, a report, an exploration proposition or maybe an exposition or postulation. A genuine case of composing a report is to fuse a reasonable presentation before the human body and composing an end at the end of the report. </p> <p>You additionally need to recognize anyone who has made a considerable commitment to the substance of the report. A few of us will peruse the synopsis and simply skim the report, so be certain you incorporate all the fitting subtleties. In case you're composing a report at work, check whether there are any ordinary rules or structure that you should utilize. It's likewise obligatory that you're shown laws and rules of the state. </p> <h2> The Key to Successful Report Writing</h2> <p>A And, clearly, an elegantly composed CV or rAsumA liberated from spelling or linguistic missteps is essential on the off chance that you might want a new position. A solitary, simple, convincing thought is fundamentally more remarkable than a perplexing one. Short, direct sentences are a breeze to peruse, comprehend and ration time for everyone. Anything immaterial should be discarded.</p> <p>Otherwise, the probability of getting endorsement will be significant ly diminished. As a great deal of the inquiries are related with the obligation of the Corrections Officer, so no earlier comprehension of law or law authorization is required. The following activity is to discover the data you require for your report. </p> <p>With the amount of data that can be found on the web, finding appropriate articles and business data can be very tedious. Present the people, property and other data before it's talked about. Give specific consideration to whether the entirety of the information that you've included is significant. Recollect that it should be sorted out legitimately with the most significant data starting things out. </p> <h2> The Report Writing Game</h2> <p>You may likewise like Consulting Reports. Preparing is essential in any vocation along with any zone of study. Essential Report composing configuration will guarantee you that you won't ever experience any hustle in finishing your report since it will flexibly you with the courses of action you need to follow. ENGLISH 44 Report Writing A report might be a short note or a total point by point insights regarding an occasion that has happened beforehand. </p> <h2> Life, Death, and Report Writing </h2&g t; <p>Another entrenched show is utilizing numbers. In this manner, it's quite often a smart thought to begin investigating some report composing examples to discover the arrangement right. While composing on such basic themes, you ought to follow appropriate rules and configuration to permit it to be satisfactory. For any kind of composing, it's urgent to utilize the best possible configuration. </p> <p>The significant body of the report should be deliberately organized in a way that drives the peruser through the issue. In the cutting edge corporate world, reports play an indispensable capacity. There are bunches of times throughout your life when you will be mentioned to compose something quite certain. Compose all the necessary plot subtleties and make a blueprint of your story. </p>

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Term 3 Question Papers Grade 11 and What You Should Do Today

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Term 3 Question Papers Grade 11 and What You Should Do Today The Argument About Term 3 Question Papers Grade 11 So that you'll have the option to find an unrivaled Percentage in the test we trust you have comprehended my point. Applicants can find the individual connection for grouped naval force test model paper beneath. Subsequently, CBSE test papers work as the perfect source to secure a thought of the test in advance. Get your underlying free meeting which have any of the most noteworthy coaches today. The Benefits of Term 3 Question Papers Grade 11 For finishing the prospectus well ahead in time, it's significant that you affirm the entire schedule and set up an exhaustive report program. Likewise, it helps with decreasing their test nervousness and give them the certainty to make the test. Competitors that are preparing for the JEE mains assessments are encouraged to take a gander at the test design. The understudies that are prepar ing for the class 10 gujarat test should check the first year papers. For various you, it might be first test you've at any point confronted. The new refreshed prospectus was given. On the off chance that you might want to take a gander at the realities of your tests from here. These tests are basically founded on the genuine test example and they offer you the reasonable information about how the tests are directed and the manner in which the papers are set. The following are the finished points of interest of precisely the same. We'll help you giving the points of interest. In the event that you might want to see everything about here. We can see everything about here. Huge amounts of Candidate were showed up inside this GSEB Std. Competitors can stick to whichever way to get the papers. Understudies will likewise find the answers for the inquiries which they may allude and check whether they've addressed effectively or not. Understudies that are in Class X can start planning for 2020 test with the guide of tenth Model Question Paper. To discover ach ievement in JEE Main give equivalent incentive to each of the 3 subjects, practice a developing number of inquiries on every single subject. On the off chance that you're keen on accepting some additional maths help, at that point you're in the proper area. In this way, all the understudies that are probably going to show up for the assessment can set them up well to have the option to get total comprehension of the subjects as well. It's never similar to science and arithmetic ought to be given the huge need. This paper will give understudy significant inquiries and you get a vibe of the manner in which the real last, most important test will be led. These papers can assist you with preparing better for the tests by understanding the type of inquiries that you may get from different segments that ordinarily appear in the test and give a sensible thought of the trouble of the inquiries. They will be useful for those hopefuls who might need to show up for the coming building tests and snatch the chance of entering the designing streams offered by the top IITs of India. The previous year papers are the absolute best practice material for those applicants. Term 3 Question Papers Grade 11 Options It's conceivable to likewise show signs of improvement security to get the tests. ICSE Class 10 is a huge time in the life expectancy of an understudy. It would help you in JEE Main test. It is among the best ways to deal with prepare for the JEE Main 2020 test. Any intensive examination program ought to incorporate things like perusing the basic investigation material, trailed by a comprehensive investigation of further reference books to get exhaustive information about it. Here are a couple of books recommended. The understudies that are considering the example paper will be in a situation to comprehend about the stamping plan. The schedule was given in the reading material. On the off chance that you wish to download the example paper, at that point it is conceivable to tap the URL to download them. You test paper will permit you to download it. This model inquiry paper will be gainful for assessment arrangement. Having legitimate punctuation information can build the chance of scoring great inside this subject. Understudies should rehearse earlier year question paper to discover a thought on different inquiry types that may show up in their board test.

How to Get Paper Writing Help

<h1>How to Get Paper Writing Help</h1><p>So, you need to realize how to get paper composing help and where to discover it? Numerous individuals consider the expert utilization of white pages for all that they write in yet on the off chance that you are searching for help in territories like business records, at that point you will need to become familiar with a portion of the little-known techniques so you can stay away from more issues later on. Truth be told, there are numerous spots to get white page help that are not in your office yet readily available. You may be astounded at how little you really think about the spot you are in control of.</p><p></p><p>For model, the principal thing you may do is head over to the high road and peruse through the papers or banners for help and help with composing your business letters. This is a smart thought as the providers ought to have their own recommendation about what will work best for them. The y may likewise have specialists close by to address any inquiries that you may have.</p><p></p><p>Then, there is the matter of a specialist fitness coach. The specialists are as a rule in private practice, so they can tailor their work to suit the individual client. Along these lines you will just get the help you need, as opposed to a great deal of guidance on things you don't need.</p><p></p><p>If you would prefer not to go down this course then you could generally search for proficient help on the web. There are destinations that offer penmanship and mark kinds of composing help with the goal that you can get tips from the specialists in your area.</p><p></p><p>You can look over the immense number of online sources that will offer you the guidance you need. These are probably going to give you everything from test letters and word records to guidance on the most proficient method to write in any case and even how to utilize highlighters to assist you with guaranteeing your style is on point.</p><p></p><p>One of the greatest slip-ups individuals make isn't searching out the assistance they need. By realizing the traps to stay away from itcan spare you a great deal of time and cash in the long run.</p><p></p><p>The best answer for getting the assist you with requiring is to get it yourself. The business essayist network has developed to an extremely exclusive requirement and offers master help at a truly sensible price.</p>

Argumentative Essay Topics For Writers

<h1>Argumentative Essay Topics For Writers</h1><p>Argumentative article themes for authors will give you a large group of composing difficulties. The principal activity is to plunk down and record your desires and objectives for the exposition you will compose. When you have this rundown, the remainder of the procedure turns into a ton easier.</p><p></p><p>Argumentative article points for authors are the musings you need to investigate in the paper. Via cautiously orchestrating the thoughts, you can accomplish an extraordinary effect. Nonetheless, it is critical to remember that the additional time you spend on these themes, the almost certain it is that you will get stuck.</p><p></p><p>To start with, you should introduce a convincing contention to assist you with prevailing upon the peruser. On the off chance that you are an author who has at no other time composing an exposition, you may need to invest a little energ y to figure out how to think of one. Make certain to pick exposition themes for authors who as of now have an amazing assemblage of work. You will discover it is difficult to break into the network of tip top writers.</p><p></p><p>If you have aced the aptitudes to compose a paper without anyone else, you should ensure you have the full order of your art. It isn't sufficient to have the option to compose a person or thing once. You should realize how to introduce your thoughts in the most convincing way conceivable. The more sure you become, the almost certain it is that you will introduce a powerful argument.</p><p></p><p>While a few people may decide to finish pugnacious article subjects for journalists by going through hours understanding websites and attempting to unravel what others have composed, this methodology doesn't really ensure achievement. Actually, numerous essayists are debilitated by the sheer amount of data accessible on the web. It is ideal to compose your own article as opposed to endeavoring to peruse other people groups' essays.</p><p></p><p>Writers who have been composing for quite a while and who comprehend the intensity of contentions are sure about their composing capacities. Pugnacious exposition themes for scholars additionally perceive the significance of utilizing explicit words. It is in every case better to utilize appropriate punctuation and right language. Factious exposition themes for authors can assist you with imparting your thoughts without causing an excessive amount of confusion.</p><p></p><p>Argumentative article subjects for journalists frequently need to incorporate a solid portion of amusingness to make the material reasonable. Despite the fact that it is incredible to communicate the peruser's interests, it is similarly imperative to recollect that you are sharing an enthusiasm for a specific subject. Set aside some effor t to acknowledge why you have decided to compose the article. On the off chance that you are expecting to help teach people in general, it is savvy to compose an exposition about an issue that is near your heart.</p><p></p><p>Argumentative paper points for authors can be probably the most troublesome works. In any case, this doesn't imply that they are difficult to compose. You simply should be resolved and remain concentrated on the final product. After you have finished this progression, you will be prepared to take on the following test of persuading others regarding your ideas.</p>

Using A Custom Reader To Write and Read For ACP Composition, Third Edition

<h1>Using A Custom Reader To Write and Read For ACP Composition, Third Edition</h1><p>In his third version of Writing and Reading for ACP Composition, Dr. David Wallace suggests utilizing a custom peruser. This is a generally excellent proposal, as it can assist you with getting a reasonable and succinct thought of your paper. Be that as it may, you should become acclimated to composing and perusing for ACP Composition, Third Edition and this will set aside some effort to do.</p><p></p><p>The thought of utilizing a digital book peruser is to open the eBook as it is first opened and afterward keep perusing it through the gadget. You can do this so as to check the degree of trouble you have composed and perused it as though you were composing an exposition. In the event that you as of now have a thought of the point you need to make, you may spare the report to your PC and begin the procedure all once more. It will be dependent upon you to buil d up the book as you come, at the end of the day, you will compose and alter in the book with the goal that it is the thing that you wanted.</p><p></p><p>Keep as a top priority that you are composing and perusing for ACP Composition, Third Edition on your PC or PC, not on a tablet. At the point when you open the archive, you may should be cautious as there might be sure parts that need altering in your promise processor and in the text dimension. A portion of the perusers give a review of the record before it is opened.</p><p></p><p>There are three sorts of perusers. The principal type is a book peruser, which resembles a CD peruser however with no sound highlights. The subsequent kind is known as a versatile peruser and this permits you to open a whole book while you read it works a similar path as the PC reader.</p><p></p><p>The third sort is an advanced mobile phone peruser that is the most well-known sort an d this works by recognizing the report when you get it and afterward shows the book at the fitting time as you keep perusing. The peruser takes a couple of moments to stack however for the most part gives you the advantage of seeing more than one page at a time.</p><p></p><p>In request to utilize the peruser, you should set up your PC to let it remember it. Numerous renditions of Word and Microsoft Office permit you to set up these perusers and this makes it conceivable to compose and peruse for ACP Composition, Third Edition effectively and rapidly on your computer.</p><p></p><p>Finally, the peruser is valuable from multiple points of view and you ought to consider giving one a shot on the off chance that you have never utilized one. On the off chance that you don't have one you might need to consider getting one since it can assist you with reading and compose for ACP Composition, Third Edition even better.</p>

Key Pieces of Personal Statement Examples Physical Therapy Essay Samples

<h1> Key Pieces of Personal Statement Examples Physical Therapy Essay Samples </h1> <h2>The Tried and True Method for Personal Statement Examples Physical Therapy Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail </h2> <p>For case, you may endeavor to convey a specific number of resumes week after week. I'm certain that you are clever, yet this isn't the occasion. In the resulting post, which starts my Gotta Get Into Grad School arrangement, I'm probably going to give you a quick and messy summary of the four crucial constituents of an individual article that will help your application ascend to the pinnacle of the heap! Evaluate writing in different conditions. </p> <p>Admissions boards of trustees are additionally looking to discover what makes you an outstanding applicant. Using these resume models, you should be in a situation to make a resume that features your experience and skillsso you're ready to secure the position, quicker. The XYZ Engineering program has generally been is as yet an innovator in the matter of advancement. Begin taking a shot at your papers once conceivable. </p> <p>Choose 2-3 things to talk about Now that you've composed however much as could reasonably be expected about every projectile time, you should start to comprehend a general course to continue composing your paper. By and large, this is approximately 1 page single-dispersed. At that point you can endeavor rephrasing your sentences with the goal that they get right to your point. Start early composing your very own announcement will call for much idea and reflection. </p> <p>Edit Your Essay Now that you get an extensive paper, you may peruse it from starting to wrap up. Remember which you will most likely need to finish extra (supplemental) papers. Some supplemental articles may likewise have a shorter length, and that implies you may just compose two passages. Be careful when composing a few articles. </p> <p>In truth, it is smarter to dish out just a little locale of the article clarifying what occurred. At that point you may include an end. This is at times a fantastic strategy, however you need to verify you use paper tests the correct way. On the off chance that you are prepared to account for yourself, you may endeavor to bring a sentence or two into your PTCAS exposition. </p> <p>Your word related treatment paper or private explanation bookkeeping and account is an essential piece of the prerequisites for picking up entrance into your dream establishment. A few of the strategies and procedures used in exercise based recuperation these days are established in olden times. It appears to be incredible on a solid treatment continue. You will form the best non-intrusive treatment continue around. </p> <p>In instance of a visitor enduring an episode, it's significant that I'm prepared to both offer them consolation and ensure they get the proper crisis treatment until a wellbeing proficient shows up. To be a physical specialist, you will require the perfect preparing and permitting. I am roused to be a physical specialist since I might want to increment physical health, wellness and high caliber of life to grown-ups and kids. As an outcome, word related specialists are in a situation to perceive openings, and difficulties, which are a risk to their calling, thus set out on viable approaches to counter them.</p> <h2> What Everybody Dislikes About Personal Statement Examples Physical Therapy Essay Samples and Why </h2> <p>It is typical for candidates to begin with a story, individual account, quote for a lead and spend the rest of the paper portraying the manner in which the lead identifies with or reveals insight into medication or their goal of being a doctor. Remember, an affirmation exposition test might be acceptable approach to discover increasingly about the composing methodology and comprehend the assignment better. </p> <p>Do not just state which you were engaged with a few encounters be sure to clarify the manner in which the encounters have formed you as a person. In the event that you can't detail how a particular encounter added to your excursion to be a specialist, don't join this involvement with your very own announcement. It's conceivable to quickly form these things, however you must have other, increasingly close to home encounters you could expound on. Use your encounters to give individual understanding into your individual properties. </p> <p>Our continue developer (it's conceivable to make your resume here) will offer you tips and models on how best to make your resume rundown or another segment. On the off chance that you don't, it is conceivable to really harmed your chances of affirmation. As you keep on composing, your thoughts will develop increasingly engaged and you'll be in a situation to include and erase what you do and don't have any desire to utilize. With these models, you're set up to make your own private vision. </p>

The Role of Social Research in Modern Times

<h1>The Role of Social Research in Modern Times</h1><p>China has gotten one of the nations that support and request more cooperation as far as social research and that is a result of the developing impact of Western media and societies in an exceptionally unique and propelled way. Be that as it may, a great many people don't consider China a wellspring of imaginative personalities and specialists. Indeed, China is one of the world's greatest buyers of Western and even Asian media and even some exploration points can be put to use in China to show how remote media impact its kin and the spot of this culture in the world.</p><p></p><p>For occurrence, the qualities and convictions in China are likewise notable from Western media and for instance 'The Star Wars' film has brought into numerous China thus have the Superman motion pictures. One can see the impact regarding convictions and qualities that make Chinese individuals progressively recepti ve and free. Numerous Chinese imagine that Superman is God and that is the reason Superman is the Superman of the US.</p><p></p><p>Also, it very well may be noticed that the nourishment delivered in China is very not the same as the Western nourishments. For instance, some Chinese accept that Coca Cola is an awful thing for them and that is the reason they call it as the 'Snake' and that is the reason they don't drink it. They state that it is just to be tanked by individuals who have been chomped by snakes. For a similar explanation, Chinese additionally don't care for the nourishments from the remainder of the world, for example, the French fries and other singed nourishment from their homes.</p><p></p><p>There are such huge numbers of investigates done by various associations on China that shows how extraordinary Chinese nourishment is from the Western nourishment. For instance, the Mongolian nourishment is a higher priority than th e Chinese nourishment and the Chinese are the main ones who eat pork. Along these lines, it is just regular that Chinese individuals consider that their nourishment is more critical than the Western food.</p><p></p><p>Another motivation behind why China has gotten one of the most compelling nations of the world is on the grounds that it is growing so quick. Simultaneously, the legislature of China is attempting to advance itself more on the planet and that is the thing that the more individuals will have the option to see a greater amount of its fascinating researches.</p><p></p><p>The study isn't just restricted toward the Western world yet in addition to other Asian nations that have more impact in such manner. That is the reason China is an ideal spot to do concentrates about and to investigate social connections in Asia. For instance, Chinese can likewise find out about the connection between the British individuals and the Chinese and how the British media impact the Chinese people.</p><p></p><p>Other investigates should be possible on the Tibetan culture in China. Despite the fact that this isn't connected with Tibet yet more to the relations between the Chinese and the Tibetans and how this is evolving. There are many fascinating looks into on Chinese and Tibetan individuals and how these individuals are associated and how they collaborate with each other.</p>

High School Essay Topics - How to Choose Your Topic

High School Essay Topics - How to Choose Your TopicWhen it comes to writing a high-quality 10th grade essay topic, nothing can be more important than your ability to organize your thoughts and feelings. This is particularly true for high school students, as many of them will find themselves in a position where they have to write their essays on a certain topic within a specific time frame. In order to avoid feeling rushed, make sure that you start developing your essay topic early enough, so that you can figure out how best to present your thoughts.At the early stages of writing your essay, it will be important to stick to one topic, and allow yourself time to work your way through all the material. Doing this will allow you to get a good handle on what topics will be best suited for your essay. Many students will find that once they get started, they will begin to develop their own styles for dealing with essay topics.If you feel like you are still stuck on deciding on the topic tha t you want to write your essay on, there are many different topics that you can choose from. Some of the most popular essays include things like 'Experiencing History,' 'The Word,' 'Individuality,' and 'Originality.' As you start getting your thoughts in order, it will be important to go through this list of topics and find which ones seem to fit your individual style.While it will be important to write an essay on any topic that you decide to write on, it is essential that you think about the general ideas that you wish to convey. Whether you find a certain topic to be appealing or not, the important thing is to know that you will be able to capture those ideas in the content of your essay. In order to do this, you should go over the contents of your document with a fine tooth comb, taking note of the writing patterns and techniques that you use.After you have begun work on the early stages of your essay, youcan start outlining your own ideas. When you are looking for themes, consi der ideas like tradition, curiosity, self-discovery, and life experiences. From here, you can start to move into finding ideas for your essay, as well as coming up with ideas that will be appropriate for the type of topic that you have decided on.Writing an essay on any topic will be important, but if you feel that you need some help with the subject matter, you should check out some of the many online writing workshops. These workshops offer seasoned professionals who can give you tips and pointers when it comes to writing your essay. If you choose to attend one of these workshops, make sure that you go over the topics thoroughly before actually starting to write your paper.After you have finished coming up with ideas for your essay, it will be a good idea to brainstorm a bit. You can use the information that you have gathered to come up with some possible topics for your paper. After you have finished coming up with topics, you will be ready to start working on writing your essay. Writing essays for high school students is important, but it is also important to remember that you will not get far without good organization. Take the time to make sure that you have sorted through your ideas and decided on the topic of your essay. With your ideas in place, you should be able to move quickly and successfully through the writing process.

Ethan Frome Essay Topics

<h1>Ethan Frome Essay Topics</h1><p>The Ethan Frome paper points are partitioned into a progression of themes dependent on the nation, district and culture. They may not be related with religion. Individuals who are composing a paper for an investigation abroad program frequently don't need to stress over the examination abroad article point since the vast majority of them can be gotten from numerous sources and remembered for their paper. They likewise are truly versatile, since the conventional sources are promptly accessible and they can be adjusted or added to when necessary.</p><p></p><p>Essays regularly include a few subjects that are to be coordinated into the paper. The decisions rely upon the individual understudy and will be contemplated by the educator. There are subjects like Ethics, Ideas, Nature, Faith, and History. The Ethan Frome understudies can single out their points dependent on the subject and as per the individual inclin ations. These subjects are generally welcomed by the understudies as they can manage them effectively and in a composed manner.</p><p></p><p>Ethics topics are the base of the point as it identifies with morals. There are numerous guidelines and guidelines that can be gotten from the Ethan Frome expositions. Morals are significant subjects as these identify with the motivation behind an individual and his life. The themes may incorporate yet are not restricted to, squander and ecological insurance, property rights, tax assessment, and property ownership.</p><p></p><p>Animals are likewise subjects that will be taken care of. A few subjects that are remembered for this class are Welfare, Animals and Medical Research. Understudies may likewise dig into basic entitlements or also called creature government assistance. It is one of the more disputable subjects on the planet today. Morals may likewise identify with this issue.</p><p& gt;</p><p>The nature of the individuals and their associations with the earth are subject of articles too. This is the place understudies can discover progressively about the sentiments that they have about the point and their present information. There are likewise articles relating to individual encounters. These are done to get an understudy's considerations and opinions.</p><p></p><p>Interesting themes incorporate those relating to Gods, Religion, and Politics. The possibility of God may originate from an alternate point of view than that of a Christian. A subject, for example, Politics may extend from Civil Rights to World Affairs. This might be identified with the world field where there are numerous issues in play today.</p><p></p><p>The last theme that is incorporated is the ongoing news and occasions. The point can extend from universal relations to legislative issues, and different other world issues. This may inc orporate things like the World Cup, neighborhood races, and war reports.</p><p></p><p>Of course, the Ethan Frome paper subjects can likewise be adjusted. This should be possible by joining a couple of the points and making another theme. There are a lot of books on the subject and by adjusting and changing a couple of things, it is conceivable to think of an incredible essay.</p>

Writing a Theatre Essay

Writing a Theatre EssayAre you writing a theatre essay and need some writing a theatre tips? It can be difficult to decide what your subject matter should be, and how to write an essay on a topic that is so specific. Keep reading for some helpful advice on what to write about.As you look at theatre writing, you may be struck by the amount of playwriting advice out there. On the internet, it seems as though everyone has some tip about how to write a play or how to find a theater. The best one is probably to find a playwright to read your script with you. The playwright will either love it or will give you some kind of good comment, which will make you keep writing your play. This is just one way to get some writing a theatre tips, and it is the one I am going to recommend to you here.But what do you write about in your writing a theater essay? What about The Lion King? Or perhaps a play about theater directors? Or, what about How to Win Friends and Influence People?The point is, you w ill have a lot of basic choices to make before you begin writing your first paragraph. First, choose a topic for your essay. In this case, you want to be sure to choose something about acting. You can think about where you are going to put it, and you will have a little guidance in this area.Now, what about your essay? Do you want to focus on what actors do in general, or do you want to talk about a specific actor? If you go with specific, you can think about getting a playwright to read your script, or even a movie reviewer to check it out. Maybe your essay is about plays?Next, you will have a choice to make as to the theme. Do you want to talk about acting? Do you want to look at a specific playwright? Are you writing about general? Whatever you choose, you will have a little structure to start out with and will be ready to begin in earnest.Lastly, you need to think about how you are going to write your essay. I have had some good experience with sitting down and writing my notes first and then reviewing them. This is a great place to do some writing a theatre tips. After you have a draft, and you have found the topic, you can move onto the writing your essay part.Hopefully, by now you know what kind of writing a theatre essay requires. Find your topic, choose a format, and go for it. Just be sure to have some idea of how to write a theatre essay, and you will be fine.

Essay Sample Advice - How to Choose the Best College Essay Essay

Essay Sample Advice - How to Choose the Best College Essay EssayBefore you apply to a college or university, the first step is to create undergraduate application essay samples for the specific college or university you're applying to. In order to generate this document, you will need to gather information about the institution and its surrounding area. Since some of these essay samples contain more information than others, choose one that is geared towards your intended student.For example, a fiction writing essay is completely different from an essay on the US election in 2020. In the former, the subject matter is generally more popular subjects are usually written about. However, this essay example can be used to attract a major support of well-known authors such as James Patterson, Mark Twain, Ernest Hemingway, and Stephen King. This type of essay could help you win the university's undergraduate writing award.Do you plan to continue to write essays after college? If so, a resume or job application might be the most ideal of the two. However, some people who do not expect to be continuing to write for years to have a fear of writing essays. If this is you, start by finding a college or university that will let you continue to write your own essay.Another factor to be considered when creating undergraduate application essay samples is how you can best position yourself in the essay. Since you can write your own essay, you can write it with or without a primary author. However, if you are not sure who to ask for assistance or materials, you can call the admissions office and ask them if they can help you with the essay.If your sample contains a small portion of your essays, make sure to insert a paragraph summarizing your application to the admissions office. This might include what it is that you want to do, what you expect your role to be, and why. The paragraph should be short and to the point. This gives the admissions officer an opportunity to see what y our writing style is.Another consideration exercise involves what is good for your future. By asking this question, you get a better idea of whether or not the admissions officer is going to ask you for help when writing your essay. If your college or university asks you to rewrite a portion of your application essay, then you can include a section on your recommendations, or what you want to do after college. These are both questions that might help you win the admissions essay writing award.As you can see, there are many decisions you can make when creating undergraduate application essay samples. You need to get the information you need to create these sample documents.

Why Effective Communication Is Important For Managers

Why Effective Communication is important for managers: Communication is the heart of everything that you do as a manager. Studies show that managers spend 80 percent of their workday Communicating. Talking, listening, presenting, and sharing information with people both inside and outside the organization. The better you are at sharing ideas and communicating with customers, clients, and the people you manage, the more you will understand people’s needs and the more successful you will be in your work. Five communication skills that distinguish â€Å"good† from â€Å"bad† supervisors or managers include being expressive speakers, empathic listeners, persuasive leaders, sensitive people, and informative managers. And here are some ways to communicate effectively at work: 1. Be a positive communicator. Research shows that the employees whose managers communicate with them in positive ways are more productive and feel more positive about their working environment. Being a positive communicator means offering appreciation, support, feedback, admiration, and encouragement. Set a positive tone. Discourage complaining, gossip, and negativity among the employees y.0.00ou manage. Avoid engaging in it yourself. You need to lead by example. Make personal connections with employees even when you are busy. Personal connections don’t have to take a lot of time. Sometimes all it takes is a simple question like, â€Å"How was your weekend?† or â€Å"How did that meeting go this morning?† Pick up the phone orShow MoreRelatedWhy Turnover Is Not Beneficial For Any Organization?1419 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Turnover is not Beneficial for any Organization? In any organization high employee turnover is not cost effective and is time consuming. The credibility of the organization might also be affected if employees do not stay for a good period of time working for them. A good reason employees may resign is being motivated by higher pay. No matter how much someone enjoys working for that organization if better pay is offered somewhere else they will more likely will end up leaving. Every organizationRead MoreDiploma Assessment Cover Sheet Letter1448 Words   |  6 Pages Importance of effective communications in business leadership Importance of Effective Communications in Business Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Effective Communication in Management Requires Great Speaking Skills Coaching and Keeping the Information Flowing Conflict Resolving Effective Communication in Entrepreneurship Helps in Sorting Logical Point in Sequences Communication Between Business Owner and Consumer Should be Fluid Communication in Business DevelopmentRead Moreâ€Å"to Be an Effective Manager, You Have to Be a Good Listener†1152 Words   |  5 PagesHarvey (2006:160) Listening is the first communication skill we practice as infants, and from listening to other people around us, we learn how to speak. 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Student with Challenging Behavior Learning Disability

Question: Discuss about theStudent with Challenging Behavior forLearning Disability. Answer: Introduction: The challenging behavior of students with disabilities leads to learning disability becoming a significant barrier to their academic and social inclusion. A learning definition can be defined by three main requisites, those are, impairment of adaptive and social functioning and beginning in childhood. The disabilities that are associated with learning are variant from specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia, which, do not influence the intellectual capability. The term learning disability is the most accepted term all over the world. The amount of support that a person with learning disability needs depends on the seriousness of the disability. It is therefore important that each student be treated as a separate individual having certain strengths and weaknesses and needs (Chandler Dahlquist, 2014). This report discusses the development and maintenance of challenging behavior along with the strategies that is to be used by teachers and schools to prevent challenging behavior s. Additionally, the report shall also consist of a comparison between school wide positive behavior and positive behavior supports that are planned for individual students. The Development and Maintenance of Challenging Behavior: Emerson et al. developed the definition of challenging behavior, and the definition has become widely used in the perspective of learning disabilities. According to him, behavior of such intensity, frequency and duration that the physical safety of the person or others is likely to be placed in serious jeopardy or behavior which is likely to seriously limit or delay access to, and use of ordinary facilities. According to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), children with learning disabilities display behavior that are challenging. Children possessing behavior that are challenging is an indication that such kind of behavior is a challenge to their family, services and take carers. Some of the typical behavior that students with challenging behavior have are attracting attention of other people, avoiding demands of peer group and lack of communication (Friend, 2013). This kind of behavior is an outcome of personal and environmental interaction including aggression, stereotypic behavior and self-injury, destructive behavior and withdrawal. Sometimes, it also includes sexual abuse, arson and violence and children may encounter the criminal justice system. Thus, it is easy for children with learning disabilities to encounter behavior that are challenging. The behavior becomes more challenging if students have severe disabilities (McLeskey et al., 2012). However, according to Janes et al., (2013) the prevalence rate of challenging behavior is between 5 to 15 percent in social care, health and educational services. The rates go higher in teenagers, especially children in their early twenties. For example, 30 to 45 percent in health care setting. People who have disabilities in learning also have specific communication problems, sensory impairments, physical or mental problems, dementia, autism, and other behavioral challenges. The behavior is visible only in certain kind of environment and the same behavior may be deemed as challenging in some other social or cultural setting. The behavior is an outcome of sensory impairment or avoiding demands. Typically care environments that in which there is lack of social interaction and significant occupation, lack of sensory input and lack of choice and sometimes too much noise. Moreover, it also included care environments that are unresponsive, unpredictable and crowded characterized by abuse and avoidance. To be able to identify the behavior that are challenging in nature proper risk assessments should be conducted, keeping in mind their biological and environmental need along with assessment of their functions. The interventions differ from child to child depending on the triggers that may be set at multiple levels of treatment. The aim should always be to protect the quality of life of the children. Effective Strategies that can be used by Schools and Teachers to Prevent or Reduce Challenging Behaviors: It was held by Cortiella Horowitz, 2014, that one of the most effective ways of managing challenging behavior that is developed by teachers is to attempt to prevent it from happening in the first place. Many schools have come up with many strategies that develop and promote positive behavior. This idea is an evolution that is based on the assumption that all kind of behavior whether negative or positive is learned and hence, acceptable behavior can be learned. Behavior is circumstantial so students can be taught to behave in a certain way in the context of school. Acceptable behavior of children should be reinforced by the school that should be supported with positive behavior. According to Bryant et al., 2016, many mainstream schools have become inclusive in their approach for managing children with disabilities. Mainstream schools, almost every day, encounter situations in which they have to manage children with challenging behaviors. Schools should have Code of Behavior that regulates the behavior of children with learning disabilities. Children are born with an inherent need for safe and secure environment. The classrooms of children can be one of the safest and stable environments for children. Children learn many behavioral aspects from their classrooms. Teachers have the obligation of modeling positive behavior with students by having a more positive approach towards them. According Matson et al., 2014, children are responsive to attention and react positively to behaviors that are reinforced. Teachers often catch children that are being good and reward them positively, and praise them for such actions. When children are reinforced with a positive attitude towards them, it enables them to cope up with behavioral issues easily. Many teachers have developed a formalized manner of praise and approach where children can earn points, stickers and rewards for positive behavior. Chung et al., 2012, provides advice to teachers and schools for the use of rewards for positive behavior: Reward properly for positive behavior as soon as possible The pay offs should be made small and easily achievable The rewards should be made cumulative The pay offs should be made cooperative A reward should not be taken back The element of surprise should always be made a part of rewards However, many disruptive behaviors are also a part of classroom activities at times especially when moving from one activity to the other activity. Thus, it is advisable for teachers and schools to plan their daily routines accordingly. It is also advisable for teachers and schools to give clear instructions to students and clarify their doubts with love and affection. Teachers give many set of instructions to students hence, it is important for teachers to ensure that children understand their instructions carefully. A Comparison Between School Wide Positive Behavior Supports and Positive Behavior Supports that are Planned and Implemented for Individual Students: Many strategies have been developed by schools as part of whole school approach for the promotion of positive behavior. Schools have reported that such a kind of approach has been more effective for children with challenging behavior. Many advantages are related with wide school approach. According to Bethune Wood, 2013, a common belief that schools that focus on care, respect and responsibility can be both a commencing point as well as an outcome of positive behavior. Some of the examples of ethos include assemblies where success of students is celebrated, positive attitude of parents and helping children with special educational needs. The keystone of such a belief is that is shared by the whole school community including children, parents, teacher and board of management. Whereas, the positive behavior approach (PBS) is variant from the wide school approach having less number of inclusions for controlling challenging behavior. According to Gebbie et al., 2012, challenging behaviors are learned and acquired and therefore they can be easily changed. According to the believers of the PBS approach, there is no wrong in wanting attention or escaping from a difficult situation. The PBS approach helps the children in attaining the life they need and this they do by increasing the ways of achieving the things children look for or rather hunt. The PBS approach helps people in acquiring new skills. The reason why they focus on children in acquiring new skills is that it shall help them in overcome difficult situations (Snell Brown, 2014). The PBS plan focuses on the development of two major strategies those are: Proactive Strategies: The proactive strategies allows children to get what they want on a daily basis and also teach them the appropriate skills for communication Reactive Strategies: The reactive strategies help the children to be safe and protected in an environment where they have no sense of fear. The PBS notes the reaction of children when they are placed in such a kind of environment and note their behavior accordingly. Therefore, it may be said that the wide school approach focuses more on reinforcement and having a positive attitude towards children whereas the PBS focuses more on the development of the adaptive skills of children. Conclusion: Teachers in isolation cannot meet the needs of children; there is a need of support of the whole community to address the issues related with challenging behavior. The support of wide school community in promotion of positive behavior is essential. This report has focused on the wide school approach as against the PBS approach for managing children with challenging behavior. Additionally, the report has also discussed appropriate strategies for managing children with challenging behavior. References: Bethune, K. S., Wood, C. L. (2013). Effects of coaching on teachers use of function-based interventions for students with severe disabilities.Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children,36(2), 97-114. Bryant, D. P., Bryant, B. R., Smith, D. D. (2016).Teaching students with special needs in inclusive classrooms. SAGE Publications. Bulgren, J. A., Sampson Graner, P., Deshler, D. D. (2013). Literacy challenges and opportunities for students with learning disabilities in social studies and history.Learning Disabilities Research Practice,28(1), 17-27. Chandler, L. K., Dahlquist, C. M. (2014).Functional assessment: Strategies to prevent and remediate challenging behavior in school settings. Pearson Higher Ed. Chung, Y. C., Carter, E. W., Sisco, L. G. (2012). Social interactions of students with disabilities who use augmentative and alternative communication in inclusive classrooms.American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities,117(5), 349-367. Cortiella, C., Horowitz, S. H. (2014). The state of learning disabilities: Facts, trends and emerging issues.New York: National Center for Learning Disabilities. Friend, M. (2013).Special education: Contemporary perspectives for school professionals. Pearson Higher Ed. Gebbie, D. H., Ceglowski, D., Taylor, L. K., Miels, J. (2012). The role of teacher efficacy in strengthening classroom support for preschool children with disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviors.Early Childhood Education Journal,40(1), 35-46. Matson, J. L., Hess, J. A., Mahan, S. (2013). Moderating effects of challenging behaviors and communication deficits on social skills in children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder.Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders,7(1), 23-28. McLeskey, J. M., Rosenberg, M. S., Westling, D. L. (2012).Inclusion: Effective practices for all students. Pearson Higher Ed. Rispoli, M., Ninci, J., Neely, L., Zaini, S. (2014). A systematic review of trial-based functional analysis of challenging behavior.Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,26(3), 271-283. Snell, M. E., Brown, F. E. (2014).Instruction of students with severe disabilities. Pearson Higher Ed.